Rabu, 29 Juni 2011

Download Ebook Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin

Download Ebook Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin

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Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin

Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin


Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin


Download Ebook Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin

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Proving Darwin: Making Biology MathematicalBy Gregory Chaitin

Groundbreaking mathematician Gregory Chaitin gives us the first book to posit that we can prove how Darwin’s theory of evolution works on a mathematical level.
 
For years it has been received wisdom among most scientists that, just as Darwin claimed, all of the Earth’s life-forms evolved by blind chance. But does Darwin’s theory function on a purely mathematical level? Has there been enough time for evolution to produce the remarkable biological diversity we see around us? It’s a question no one has yet answered—in fact, no one has even attempted to answer it until now.
 
In this illuminating and provocative book, Gregory Chaitin argues that we can’t be sure evolution makes sense without a mathematical theory. He elucidates the mathematical scheme he’s developed that can explain life itself, and examines the works of mathematical pioneers John von Neumann and Alan Turing through the lens of biology. Chaitin presents an accessible introduction to metabiology, a new way of thinking about biological science that highlights the mathematical structures underpinning the biological world. Fascinating and thought-provoking, Proving Darwin makes clear how biology may have found its greatest ally in mathematics.

  • Sales Rank: #1511985 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Vintage
  • Published on: 2012-05-08
  • Released on: 2012-05-08
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.37" h x .62" w x 5.30" l, .59 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 144 pages
Features
  • Great product!

Review
Praise for Gregory Chaitin’s Meta Math!
 “A startling vision of the future of mathematics. . . . The Chaitinesque intellectual future will be eternally youthful and anarchic.”
—American Scientist
 
“Math’s dark secret is out . . . Chaitin explains why Omega, a number he discovered thirty years ago, has him convinced that math is based on randomness.”
—Time
 
“Is our universe computable? Is mathematics inevitable? Chaitin and I have been discussing these kinds of questions for a very long time, and it’s great to see him explain his point of view on them so passionately here.”
—Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica and author of A New Kind of Science
 
“A clearly written and witty look at a difficult subject. . . . Chaitin explains with infectious enthusiasm how mathematics doesn’t equal certainty.”
—Science News

"Captivating . . . With extraordinary skill and a gentle humor, Chaitin shares his profound insights."
—Paul Davies, author of How to Build a Time Machine

About the Author

Gregory Chaitin is widely known for his work on metamathematics and for his discovery of the celebrated Omega number, which proved the fundamental unknowability of math. He is the author of many books on mathematics, including Meta Math! The Quest for Omega. This is his first book on biology. Chaitin was for many years at the IBM Watson Research Center in New York. The research described in this book was carried out at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, where Chaitin is now a professor. An Argentine-American, he is an honorary professor at the University of Buenos Aires and has an honorary doctorate from the National University of Cordoba, the oldest university in Argentina.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

One
Introduction: Overview of Proving Darwin
 
Like many pure mathematicians, I like giving “chalk” talks: improvised talks given on a blackboard or white- board using a minimum of technological assistance. Another strategy is for me to fill the board with what I want to cover just before I start to lecture, while people are still coming in, so that they can take in all the key ideas at a glance. In a large auditorium, however, a projector is necessary, or nobody will see anything.
 
On the facing page you can see me giving an overview of this book in a large auditorium at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. The four slides I prepared are on pages 5 and 6. They summarize Chapters 2 to 4, which outline my strategy for making biology mathematical. After you finish reading these chapters, you should review the slides. Then they will make more sense.
 
You’ve heard people refer to DNA as a computer program? Well, that’s the whole idea: to make this metaphor into a mathematical theory of evolution. In fact, it turns out that the mathematical tools for doing this were already available in the 1970s. More precisely, we will treat evolution as a random walk in software space. Random walks are an idea that mathematicians feel comfortable with, although the space we are walking around in at random is bigger than usual.
 
I call this proposed new field “metabiology” because it is a highly simplified version of real biology—otherwise I wouldn’t be able to prove any theorems. These theorems are presented in Chapter 5, which is the climax of the book, and was a talk that I gave at the Santa Fe Institute. Chapters 6 to 8 discuss the broader significance of metabiology, theological, political and epistemological. And then there are two appendices.
 
In the first appendix you can read the crucial section on self-reproducing automata in John von Neumann’s far-seeing “DNA = Software” paper that influenced Sydney Brenner, who in turn influenced Francis Crick—a remarkable fact that I only discovered while working on this book. And the second appendix gives some additional mathematical details that may be of interest to experts.
 
Finally, I give a short list of suggested further reading, some books and a few articles that are important if you want to really understand metabiology. These are the books and articles that helped me the most to come up with a strategy for making biology mathematical, plus a few more related items that I threw in just for the fun of it. Enjoy them all!

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Sabtu, 18 Juni 2011

Download PDF Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale

Download PDF Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale

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Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale

Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale


Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale


Download PDF Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale

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Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale

Recent conflict in the Middle East has caused some observers to ask if Muslims and Christians can ever coexist. History suggests that relations between those two groups are not predetermined, but are the product of particular social and political circumstances. This book examines Muslim-Christian relations during an earlier period of political and social upheaval, and explores the process of establishing new forms of national and religious identification.

Palestine's Arab Christian minority actively engaged with the Palestinian nationalist movement throughout the period of British rule (1917-1948). Relations between Muslim and Christian Arabs were sometimes strained, yet in Palestine, as in other parts of the world, communalism became a specific response to political circumstances. While Arab Christians first adopted an Arab nationalist identity, a series of outside pressures - including British policies, the rise of a religious conflict between Jews and Muslims, and an increase in Islamic identification among some Arabs - led Christians to adhere to more politicized religious groupings by the 1940s. Yet despite that shift Christians remained fully nationalist, insisting that they could be both Arab and Christian.

  • Sales Rank: #966175 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-10-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 6.10" h x .60" w x 9.20" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 232 pages

Review

'Haiduc-Dale offers a chronological history of Palestinian politics that focuses on the particular role in each stage of Christians, whose narratives have often been marginalized or essentialized. In the process, he offers a comprehensive and easy to follow guide to key landmarks in the development of the Palestinian national movement more generally.' -- Liora R. Halperin, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies


"Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine is a welcome addition to the literature on the Mandate, on confessional relations within Palestine, and on Palestinian history in general. It is sure to leave its mark and inspire renewed understandings of the role of religion in Palestinian identity generally, particularly (but not exclusively) for Palestinian Christians." --
Michael R. Fischbach, Journal of Islamic Studies


About the Author

Noah Haiduc-Dale is Assistant Professor of History at Centenary College, New Jersey.

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Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale PDF

Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale PDF
Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948By Noah Haiduc-Dale PDF